Research Analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Research Analysis - Assignment Example st establish those patients who lack self-care confidence and then direct more effort towards building self-care confidence in them using specific education interventions. The introduction/background section provided by Britz and Dunn (2010) does not formally introduce the research question. However, after carefully exploring the introduction, this paper was able to establish the research question, which is: In this article, Britz and Dunn (2010) formally presented the hypothesis. The author asserts that those patients with heart failure and who demonstrates self-care ability are expected to improve their healthcare outcomes. This hypothesis emanates from both previous studies as well as the model used in this study. Since it is a qualitative research, the researcher developed the hypothesis using grounded theory. The use of qualitative approaches provided a platform that researchers in various disciplines borrowed to complete work effectively. Qualitative approaches identify research issues without subjectivity. For instance, using such techniques, a case is looked at individually and therefore, it is possible to make accurate conclusions. Understanding of complex human systems such as the family and communities has grown due to the benefits accrued from qualitative methods. Certain patterns of behavior have been described and based upon these patterns of behavior, action could be take n. Grounded theory refers to a theory routed in data. The researcher interprets the raw data and then, through systematic analysis creates a theory. Grounded theory is derived from four central criteria: fit, understanding, generality and control. Fit occurs when the theory fits the substantive data. In other words, the theory must be based upon the presence of valid data. Understanding occurs when the theory is comprehensible by all researchers involved in the study. Generality occurs when the presented theory is applicable within a variety of contexts. Control entails the

Burn wounds Essay Example for Free

Burn wounds Essay There are several ways that an investigator might confirm suspicion that burns are intentionally inflicted, rather than accidental in nature. One factor in considering whether a burn is intentionally inflicted is the nature of the burn. A contact burn of irregular shape is typical of accidental contact with a hot item such as a pot on a stove or an iron. Burns of this nature are typically accidental. One way of determining if the burn is not is by examining its shape. Burns that reflect the pattern of the object from which they obtained can often point to intentional burning. Symmetrical burns are less likely to be accidental. Chemical burns also should display a random pattern consistent with accidental contact. A burn pattern suggesting submersion in a corrosive or hot liquid of any body part is suspect, particularly if there are no corresponding splash-type wounds. Another determining factor is the location of the burn. Contact burns that are truly accidental are nearly always situated on the extremities, as it is unlikely that a child would ignore the pain of extreme heat until contact is made with the torso, or head. While immersion burns from hot liquid can be on the torso, if accidental, they should be accompanied by splash patterns associated with the rapid withdrawal of the burned body part from the water. Most accidental burns on a child old enough to remove themselves from the source are no worse than second-degree. Burns of greater degree are highly suggestive of a child being physically forced into contact with the burning agent. Unless the parent has a reasonable explanation for a more severe burn, these types of injuries should be regarded as highly suspicious. The key element in determining whether a burn was intentionally inflicted arrives with the interview of the admitting parent. Lies about burn sources are relatively easy to spot. Burn characteristics such as location, severity, and pattern can easily indicate whether the parent is lying about the source of the burn. The questions that must be asked are: What caused the burn? How long was the child in contact with the source of the burn? What sort of supervision was offered while this occurred. There are only three scenarios possible in burn situations: pure accident, parental negligence, or intentional burning. It is up to the investigator to determine which situation applies in any given case.

Pallas Athene Versus Minerva :: essays research papers

Pallas Athene Versus Minerva   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Goddess Athena has been an incredibly well-liked mythological character for centuries because of her complex personality and the values which are taught through her actions. The powerful Goddess has been generally thought of as being the same person in both Greek and Roman stories alike, but this is not true. Athena was looked upon and spoken of very differently in Roman and Greek myths, though she remains with the same basic personality traits in both cultures. Rome acquired it's stories of mythology and religion from the Italians (who derived their beliefs from the Greeks), and therefore most of the myths of deities were the same as the Greeks', but with a few changes. The Italians also gave the Romans stories of Diana, Hercules, Venus, and a few minor characters. The Greeks came about with their Gods from past ancient cultures, weaving in some of their own characteristics as time went on.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Pallas Athena (the name Pallas being that of her best friend, whom she accidentally killed while practicing with spears) in both cultures is the patron Goddess of arts and crafts, weaving, the olive tree, overseer of Athens, and especially of Wisdom/War. Because the Greek culture was one of intelligence, sophistication and knowledge, Their version of Athena was mainly of a logical and sensible person, who would avoid a fight if possible. The Romans, who were a society of warlike men, focused on Minerva's war capabilities and short temper. Both cultures focused on the parts of the Gods which were most like themselves and best suited their needs.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  For the Greeks, the Gray-Eyed Goddess was not associated with specific people except for Her rivals. The Romans, however, formed a group of Immortals into the Capitoline triad, consisting of Jupiter, Juno and Minerva. These three assumed a supreme place in the Roman religion, acting like a Jury of Watchers over the mortals. The Romans built a temple in honor of the Triad, named the Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus, which was built in 509 BC.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In conclusion, I have been able to see how these two civilizations have viewed one part of their religion and why they do so. There were logical reasons for their viewing of Athene, most of which were based on their strengths Pallas Athene Versus Minerva :: essays research papers Pallas Athene Versus Minerva   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Goddess Athena has been an incredibly well-liked mythological character for centuries because of her complex personality and the values which are taught through her actions. The powerful Goddess has been generally thought of as being the same person in both Greek and Roman stories alike, but this is not true. Athena was looked upon and spoken of very differently in Roman and Greek myths, though she remains with the same basic personality traits in both cultures. Rome acquired it's stories of mythology and religion from the Italians (who derived their beliefs from the Greeks), and therefore most of the myths of deities were the same as the Greeks', but with a few changes. The Italians also gave the Romans stories of Diana, Hercules, Venus, and a few minor characters. The Greeks came about with their Gods from past ancient cultures, weaving in some of their own characteristics as time went on.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Pallas Athena (the name Pallas being that of her best friend, whom she accidentally killed while practicing with spears) in both cultures is the patron Goddess of arts and crafts, weaving, the olive tree, overseer of Athens, and especially of Wisdom/War. Because the Greek culture was one of intelligence, sophistication and knowledge, Their version of Athena was mainly of a logical and sensible person, who would avoid a fight if possible. The Romans, who were a society of warlike men, focused on Minerva's war capabilities and short temper. Both cultures focused on the parts of the Gods which were most like themselves and best suited their needs.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  For the Greeks, the Gray-Eyed Goddess was not associated with specific people except for Her rivals. The Romans, however, formed a group of Immortals into the Capitoline triad, consisting of Jupiter, Juno and Minerva. These three assumed a supreme place in the Roman religion, acting like a Jury of Watchers over the mortals. The Romans built a temple in honor of the Triad, named the Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus, which was built in 509 BC.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In conclusion, I have been able to see how these two civilizations have viewed one part of their religion and why they do so. There were logical reasons for their viewing of Athene, most of which were based on their strengths

Survey In Forensic Toxicology Health And Social Care Essay

The province of alcoholism and the blood intoxicant concentration of a individual at the clip of decease can sometimes be hard to construe due to the assorted post-mortem artefacts that can change the true ante-mortem blood intoxicant concentration. The opportunity of intoxicant being produced in the organic structure after decease is a continuously encountered issue in everyday casework [ 2 ] . The status and province of the organic structure, the clip between decease and sample aggregation, the environmental conditions and besides the type of samples collected, preserved and analyzed are all of import factors that should be considered carefully during reading. Under certain status ethyl alcohol can be produced after decease by agitation of glucose and due to bacterial activity [ 3,4 ] . Some illustrations in which the blood ethanol concentration at the clip of decease can be altered are: The possibility of ethanol production in the organic structure after decease or after sample aggregation due to microbic production ; If ethanol remains in the tummy after decease, the possibility is of continued local diffusion into the environing tissue and blood is raised ; In instances of caput injury which has rendered a individual unconscious for a few hours prior to decease, the blood ethanol concentration during this clip continues to diminish due to metamorphosis in the liver. Some other instances that may be debatable to cover with are instances where the organic structures are recovered from H2O in which the possibility of sample dilution can play a important function [ 2 ] . These are merely a few illustrations of the many possibilities that can change ethanol concentration and do reading of post-mortem ethanol concentration really hard. It is hence of great importance in forensic post-mortem ethanol instances to execute accurate and precise analysis for ethyl alcohol, to utilize the optimum specimen and to cognize the restrictions and significance of ethanol findings in these specimens [ 5 ] . The optimum specimen picks, aggregation site, and preservatives, every bit good as the deductions and reading of ethanol findings in post-mortem ethyl alcohol instances will be discussed in this paper.2. Postmortem Specimen for analysis of Ethanol.In malice of the troubles encountered with post-mortem ethanol consequences, an necropsy offers the chance to roll up specimens that are non readily available in ante-mortem cases.A A In add-on to trying blood from different vascular sites and piss, samples collected from vitreous wit and stomachic contents every bit good as musculus, encephalon and liver tissues, cerebrospinal fluids and gall are all possible during necropsy. Although there is a possibility to roll up and analyse ex tra specimens during post-mortem ethanol analyses, this will merely partially counterbalance for the increased interpretative troubles encountered by the assorted post-mortem artifacts.A A It is hence necessary to use a greater grade of cautiousness during the reading of post-mortem ethanol consequences and to take into history the entirety of the information obtained. A individual post-mortem blood ethyl alcohol concentration is by and large uninterpretable without a coincident piss and/or vitreous wit ethanol concentration ; therefore it is of import that every bit good as information sing the instance history and inside informations gathered from the scene of decease [ 1 ] .A A Due to this it is of import alternate specimen should ever be collected and analyses in order to right and safely confirm ante- mortem ethanol ingestion. In this chapter the different types of specimen used for post-mortem ethanol analyses every bit good as there deductions and restrictions will be discussed.2.1 Blood Alcohol ConcentrationAlthough there are multiple samples available for aggregation at necropsy for toxicological analysis of ethyl alcohol, blood is a important in leting valid decision of whether the deceased has consumed intoxicant and was under influence at the clip of decease. The basic information required, on construing the blood intoxicant concentration in post-mortem samples harmonizing to Plueckhahn [ 6 ] , who has researched the reading of the blood intoxicant concentration extensively, are: The site of aggregation of the blood sample ; The clip after decease and province of the organic structure when the specimen was collected ; The storage status of the sample, the preservative used, and the clip elapsed before analysis ; The method used for analysis of the sample. Furthermore in add-on to the above, one might besides see the status and visual aspect of the blood sample such as the odor, colour, fluidness and/or the presence of blood fabrics. Despite the fact that blood from a femoral vena is the recommended specimen to be collected for toxicological analysis, some diagnostician still be given to subject cardiac blood or worse fluid scooped from the thorax and or plural pit as a replacement for the appropriate specimen [ 7 ] . This questionable manner of roll uping samples increases the potency for taint of ethyl alcohol entered by the lung due to inspiration of tummy content or ethyl alcohol which might hold diffused from the tummy in to the environing tissue. Blood from the femoral vena is least susceptible to postmortem alterations and as stated earlier the recommended specimen of pick for toxicological analysis. Additionally blood from the interior integral Chamberss of the bosom is besides suited as a auxiliary specimen to compare with femoral blood intoxicant concentration or when there is limited sum of femoral blood available to roll up and/ or analyse [ 8 ] . Furthermore Arterial blood is up to 40 % higher in eth anol concentration during the absorbent stage compared to venous blood, whereas there is undistinguished difference between the two 1s the intoxicant has reached the station optical density stage. Therefore blood from the big vass or bosom may demo differences compared to blood from other beginnings due to incomplete distribution [ 9 ] . This difference was shown by comparing cardiac blood with femoral blood, in which 35 out of 51 instances, had a bosom intoxicant blood was that was by and large higher, with the highest difference observed being 0.09/dL [ 10 ] . Poutry and Anderson [ 11 ] , besides analyzed cardiac and femoral blood in 100 instances, nevertheless, found bosom to femoral ratios being near 0.98. In 17 instances at that place were differences of greater than 20 % between the two in which merely 6 with a bosom to femoral ratio greater than 1. These 6 instances were either in early phases of soaking up or the femoral intoxicant blood degree was unnaturally low due to low volume specimen available in the sample tubing. Harmonizing to this survey circulation equilibrium occurs quickly, which means that differences in blood beginnings occur merely in rare post-mortem instances. This does n't intend that important differences can non happen, particularly in instances affecting possible decomposition, injury a nd in instances of recent consumption when the deceased has been in the soaking up stage and equilibrium has non set in anterior to decease. Because hazard of taint of bosom and upper organic structure blood beginnings, it is recommended to get and analyse blood from a femoral vena [ 2 ] . Some writers even province that the blood straight taken from the chest pit or from a unsighted needle stick into the thorax, is the worst possible sample that can be taken [ 2 ] . The necessary blood intoxicant concentration to do decease is often an unfastened inquiry and depends much on the individual ‘s gender, age, overall wellness, imbibing experience and developed tolerance [ 9 ] .2. Collection and Storage of Specimen for Ethanol Analysis.Among forensic toxicologists and analytical chemists the normally used quoted proverb, that is peculiarly valid in the field of post-mortem forensic toxicology, which emphasizes that right specimen aggregation is the most of import measure in drug analysis is that: â€Å" the analytical consequence will ne'er be better than the sample from which is was derived â€Å" [ 2,6 ] . The intent of roll uping organic structure fluids and executing forensic analytical analysis for ethyl alcohol is to find the significance, if any, of ethyl alcohol in a forensic probe. Not merely the check used to find ethyl alcohol in de samples should be precise, accurate and specific, but the penetrations given should supply information as to whether the measured ethyl alcohol degrees are basically the same as when they were collected [ 5 ] . The concern of possible ethanol loss or addition in clinical or forensic probe at changing times after the specimen was collected is an inevitable factor encountered in many instances affecting the finding of ethyl alcohol. Furthermore post-mortem samples present an extra challenge: does the measured ethanol concentration reflect the concentration at the clip the deceased passed? There are several factors that play a important function in replying these inquiries. In this paragraph the principle and processs for properly aggregation and cont inuing post-mortem specimen will be discussed and categorized in three bomber bunchs ; 1.The loss of ethyl alcohol, 2.The production ethyl alcohol and last but non least 3.The saving of the gathered specimen for ethanol analysis.2.1 The loss of EthanolThe loss of ethyl alcohol from collected specimen has been a concern and a ground for probe for most of the history of forensic toxicology. To day of the month, three major theories are used to explicate the loss of ethyl alcohol from the gathered biological specimen. These include 1. Vaporization, 2. Oxidation and 3. The action of micro-organisms.A. Vaporization

French and Indian War DBQ Essay

For many years, throughout the 17th century and 18th century, Britain maintained a neutral relationship with its American colonies. By upholding salutary neglect, the British policy of avoiding strict enforcement of parliamentary laws, the American colonies remained obedient to Britain. However, after the French and Indian War (1754-1763), Britain’s relations with its colonist were drastically altered. The war greatly damaged Britain’s economy and because of its pyrrhic victory, a series of taxes were implemented on the American colonists.  The unfair taxation ideologically changed the Americans’ views on Britain and they felt they were not represented in Parliament. The French and Indian war altered the relations between Britain and its American colonists politically by giving Britain control of the east, economically by putting Britain in extreme debt and compelling Parliament to impose taxes on its colonists, and ideologically by shifting the colonistsâ€⠄¢ loyalty towards rebellion against Britain. The French defeat in the war paved way to the expansion of British territory throughout the eastern coastline (Document A). The colonists began to settle on the land beyond the Appalachian Mountains, which resulted in tensions with the Natives who primarily resided there. Canassatego, chief of the Onondaga Nation of the Iroquois Confederacy, delivered a speech to the representatives of Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia. In the speech, he speaks with an accusatory tone as he is angered by the unrightfully settling of the American colonists (Document B). He sees the white settlers as people who spoil his hunting and addresses to the representatives that they know the colonists have no right to settle in the Natives’ land. Because of this  speech and Pontiac’s Rebellion, Britain was forced to implement the Proclamation Line of 1763, which prevented American settlers from moving past the Appalachian Mountains. Generally, this angered the settlers because they believed they deserved the land due to their service in the war. This was an initial step to the Americans’ shift of ideology to rebellion. At the end of the war, Britain’s economy rapidly declined and it struggled to pay its war debts. As a means to solve this issue, it enforced a series of acts on the American colonists. A British Order in Council of 1763 concluded that the current revenue from the colonies was not sufficient to pay a fourth of the cost to collect it (Document F). It deemed it necessary to impose the controversial Stamp Act, a tax on all paper goods. The council speaks with concern as it stresses the income from the colonies is not nearly enough to relieve the debt. The council, however, only looks from Parliament’s view of needing to relieve the debt rather than the colonists’ view of unfair taxation. Colonists began to organize protests, chanting â€Å"No taxation without representation† as their slogan. On August 9, 1765, Benjamin Franklin wrote a letter to a close ally, John Hughes. In the letter, Franklin informs his friend of the uncertainty of the removal of the Stamp Act. Though he says it would be wise to stay loyal to Britain because if they were caught talking about expelling an act, they would be tried with treason (Document G). Franklin’s point of view is prudent because he cares for the future of him and his ally. He goes on to tell Hughes if he attempts to repel the act, his traits will always be remembered by the colonists. Another tax implemented by the British was the Sugar Act, which added a three cents tax and sales tax on sugar, a high value commodity. The series of taxes provoked the American colonists to boycott all British goods. The boycott severely weakened the already damaged economy of Britain. As colonial unity was formed within the boycott, colonial ideological values differed tremendously after the war. Colonists were already filled with resentment due to the Proclamation Line of 1763 and the taxation caused Britain’s and the colonists’ relationship to decline further.

Carrie Chapman Catt, Suffragette, Activist, Feminist

Carrie Chapman Catt, Suffragette, Activist, Feminist Carrie Chapman Catt (January 9, 1859–March 9, 1947) was a teacher and journalist who was active in the womans suffrage movement of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. She was the founder of the League of Women Voters and president of the National American Woman Suffrage Association. Fast Facts: Carrie Chapman Catt Known For:  Leader in the womens suffrage movementBorn: February 9, 1859 in Ripon, WisconsinParents: Lucius Lane and Maria Clinton LaneDied: March 9, 1947 in New Rochelle, New YorkEducation:  Iowa State Agricultural College, B.S. in General Science, 1880Spouse(s): Leo Chapman (m. 1885), George W. Catt (m. 1890–1905)Children: None Early Life Carrie Chapman Catt was born Carrie Clinton Lane in Ripon, Wisconsin on February 9, 1859, the second child and only daughter of farmers Lucius and Maria Clinton Lane. Lucius had participated but did not find much luck in the California Gold Rush of 1850, returning to Cleveland Ohio and purchasing a coal business. He married Maria Clinton in 1855, and, discovering that he disliked cities, bought the Ripon farm. Their first child William was born there in 1856. Maria was outspoken and well-educated for the time, having attended Oread Collegiate Institute in Worcester, Massachusetts. When Carrie was 7, the family moved to a farm outside of Charles City, Iowa, building a new brick house. Carrie attended a one-room schoolhouse and then the Charles City high school. At the age of 13, she wanted to know why her mother wouldnt be voting in the presidential election of 1872: Her family laughed at her: women werent allowed to vote in the United States at the time. In her early teens she wanted to become a doctor and began bringing live reptiles and insects into the house to study them, to the distress of her father. She borrowed and read Darwins Origin of Species from a neighbor and wanted to know why her history book omitted all of that interesting information. In 1877, Carrie attended Iowa State Agricultural College (now Iowa State University), having saved up money to cover the room and board (about $150/year, and tuition was free) by teaching school in the summers. While there, she organized a womans military drill (there was one for men but not women) and won the right for women to speak at the Crescent Literary Society. She joined the Pi Beta Phi Fraternity- despite its name, it was coed. In November 1880 she graduated with a bachelors degree in the General Science Course for Women, making her the only woman in a class of 18. She started her journalism career by writing in the Iowa Homestead magazine about the drudgery of housework. Carrie Lane began reading law with a Charles City attorney, but in 1881 she received an offer to teach in Mason City, Iowa and she accepted. Professional Life and Marriage Two years later in 1883, she became superintendent of schools in Mason City. In February 1885, she married newspaper editor and publisher Leo Chapman (1857–1885) and became co-editor of the newspaper. After Leo was accused of criminal libel later that year, the Chapmans planned to move to California. Just after he arrived, and while his wife was on her way to join him, he caught typhoid fever and died, leaving his new wife to make her own way. She found work in San Francisco as a newspaper reporter. She soon joined the woman suffrage movement as a lecturer and moved back to Iowa, where she joined the Iowa Woman Suffrage Association and the Womens Christian Temperance Union. In 1890, she was a delegate at the newly formed National American Woman Suffrage Association. In 1890 she married wealthy engineer George W. Catt (1860–1905), whom she had originally met in college and saw him again during her time in San Francisco. They signed a prenuptial agreement, which guaranteed her two months in the spring and two in the fall for her suffrage work. He supported her in these efforts, considering that his role in the marriage was to earn their living and hers was to reform society. They had no children. National and International Suffrage Role Her effective organizing work brought her quickly into the inner circles of the suffrage movement. Carrie Chapman Catt became head of field organizing for the National American Woman Suffrage Association in 1895 and in 1900, having earned the trust of the leaders of that organization, including Susan B. Anthony, was elected to succeed Anthony as president. Four years later, Catt resigned the presidency to care for her husband, who died in 1905- Rev. Anna Shaw took over her role as NAWSA president. Carrie Chapman Catt was a founder and president of the International Woman Suffrage Association, serving from 1904 to 1923 and until her death as honorary president. In 1915, Catt was re-elected to the presidency of the NAWSA, succeeding Anna Shaw, and led the organization in fighting for suffrage laws at both the state and federal levels. She opposed the efforts of the newly active Alice Paul to hold Democrats in office responsible for the failure of woman suffrage laws, and to work only at the federal level for a constitutional amendment. This split resulted in Pauls faction leaving the NAWSA and forming the Congressional Union, later the Womans Party. Role in Final Passage of Suffrage Amendment Her leadership was key in the final passage of the 19th Amendment in 1920: without the state reforms- an increased number of states in which women could vote in primary elections and regular elections- the 1920 victory could not have been won. Also key was the bequest in 1914 of Mrs. Frank Leslie (Miriam Folline Leslie) of nearly a million dollars, given to Catt to support the suffrage effort. Legacy and Death Carrie Chapman Catt was one of the founders of the Womens Peace Party during World War I and helped organize the League of Women Voters after the passage of the 19th Amendment (she served the League as honorary president until her death). She also supported the League of Nations after World War I and the founding of the United Nations after World War II. Between the wars, she worked for Jewish refugee relief efforts and child labor protection laws. When her husband died, she went to live with a longtime friend and fellow suffragist Mary Garrett Hay. They moved to New Rochelle, New York, where Catt died in 1947. When measuring the organizational contributions of the many workers for woman suffrage, most would credit Susan B. Anthony, Carrie Chapman Catt, Lucretia Mott, Alice Paul, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and Lucy Stone with having the most influence in winning the vote for American women. The effect of this victory was then felt worldwide, as women in other nations were inspired directly and indirectly to win the vote for themselves. Recent Controversy In 1996, when Iowa State University (Catts alma mater) proposed to name a building after Catt, controversy broke out over racist statements that Catt had made in her lifetime, including stating that white supremacy will be strengthened, not weakened, by womens suffrage. The discussion highlights issues about the suffrage movement and its strategies to win support in the South. Sources Laurence, Frances. Maverick Women: 19th Century Women Who Kicked over the Traces. Manifest Publications, 1998.  Peck, Mary Gray. Carrie Chapman Catt, Pioneers of the Womans Movement. Literary Licensing, 2011.  Suffragettes Racial Remark Haunts College. The New York Times, May 5, 1996.  Van Voris, Jacqueline. Carrie Chapman Catt: A Public Life. New York: The Feminist Press, 1996.

June 6th SAT Scores Have Been Released - How Did You Measure Up

June 6th SAT Scores Have Been Released - How Did You Measure Up SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Scores from the June 6th SAT have been released, and they have served to increase the controversy around the test. Put simply, the scores may be much less accurate than usual tests because the College Board was forced to throw out two of the sections. Read on to see how students have reacted, how the scores vary from other administrations of the exam, and what your options now are. The Confusion and the College Board’s response There was quite a lot of confusion around how, exactly, the tests were going to be scored. Students were told many different and contradictory things when they phoned up the College Board – including that only section 8 or section 9 would be dropped, that they would both be dropped, that the experimental section would be counted instead, and that the two sections would only be dropped if the individual student had been affected – implying to some that if their proctor had stuck to the normal timings, that their scores would not be affected. The College Board’s official statements, as well, furthered the confusion, at first implying that only one section would be eliminated, but they then updated it to state that two would be removed. On June 25th, when the scores were released, the College Board issued the following statement: Today, we are reporting scores for all students who took the SAT in the U.S. on June 6. As we previously communicated with students, due to a printing error in the standard test books provided by Educational Testing Service, the College Board and ETS did not score the two affected sections and are able to provide students with valid and reliable scores. To make this determination, we conducted a comprehensive review and statistical analysis with three important components: First, the scores for the shorter test were shown to be sufficiently reliable - meaning they show technical consistency over repeated testings. Second, the equating process was not affected by the error. Equating is a statistical procedure that is conducted to ensure that different versions of a test are of comparable difficulty. Finally, the scored sections had the same distribution of content and skills as the full-length test and therefore is reflective of the overall SAT content specifications. We have consistently communicated with College Board higher education members since learning of the misprint in the June 6 SAT administration book. Admission directors from across the country have told us they have full confidence in those scores and will view them just like scores from any other SAT administration. They want students to be assured of the integrity of their scores. We take our responsibility to students very seriously, and we appreciate their patience as we’ve worked to deliver to institutions scores that are valid and reliable. See the full text here. What have we learned The scoring system has been confirmed It’s official: two sections (Section 8 and Section 9) were dropped from the test, and the experimental section was not subbed in for one of them. On your score reports, you will see that your raw scores are much lower than they normally would be because of this. Universities WILL accept the June 6th results It was very good of the College Board to call around and make sure that universities across the country will not be punishing students for their mistake. It would have been even better of them to let us know this earlier, since it seems that they have had the information for a while, and it could have saved a lot of students from a lot of stress. The SAT is too long on purpose According to the same QA, the SAT that can be accurately graded from two fewer sections is intentionally built to be too long, just in case the College Board screws up and they have to drop several sections of the test. So, according to them, they have been planning for this kind of eventuality all along, even though it has never happened before. And I’m sure that all of us who have been taking the needlessly long tests are terribly grateful for their due diligence. The equating process was not affected In one of their more believable claims, the College Board has confirmed that the equating process for this exam was not affected. Equating is what the College Board calls their attempts to make sure that each SAT can be accurately compared to other SATs. Though the difficulty of each test is slightly different, they have certain â€Å"anchor† sections that they use to compare one to the other. Fortunately, these sections were not the ones that were thrown out, so the College Board has been able to determine the difficulty of the test for the curve. The College Board is still not showing proof of its claims The College Board made the interesting decision of posting a QA interview with Jack Buckley, Senior Vice President of Research, in which he is specifically asked how they determined the validity of the shortened test and he proceeds to†¦.not answer the question. Instead, Buckley tells that the criteria for determining the validity of the test were: whether scores could be "reliable" without two sections if the tests could be equated if the remaining sections had the same skill content and distribution He does not, however, go on to explain how these tests were actually carried out. One of the main requests from students and parents across the country has been that the College Board show proof that the tests are as â€Å"reliable† as they claim they are. There have been a few suggestions for how to do this, including Releasing Sections 8 and 9 so that students can see how they would have done with those sections added in, compared to how they have done without them. Showing an anonymous test from a previous year, scored at both the full length and with two sections missing. After all, if the test is so bulletproof, and if the College Board is so certain that the two missing sections are not going to significantly affect scores, then why won’t they show us the proof? What problems we still have â€Å"Sufficiently reliable† and â€Å"valid† do not mean the same thing as â€Å"accurate† This is more like an ACT question than an SAT one, so maybe they are hoping that students won’t notice that there is quite a difference in meaning between â€Å"reliable†, â€Å"valid†, and â€Å"accurate†. The College Board has now issued several statements saying that the test has been proven to be sufficiently reliable. However, it now seems that their criteria for this is almost entirely based on the structure of the test, as opposed to the scores. By â€Å"reliable† they mean that the two remaining math and critical reading sections had questions on similar concepts and of similar difficulty levels as the sections that were thrown out. If this were only a knowledge-based test, this might be more significant. Unfortunately, the SAT is notorious for testing simple concepts in ways that are difficult to understand. So, it’s not altogether reassuring that the subject matter on the thrown out sections was not too different. A student could easily, for example, know exactly how to attack one question about absolute value, but be unsure about a second question on the same concept, just because of how it is worded. â€Å"Valid† doesn’t really mean anything at all Similarly, saying the scores are valid simply means that the College Board is happy to stand behind them. Considering that this is the most cost-effective option for them, it’s hardly surprising that they are willing (and glad) to do so. Why aren’t the scores accurate? The College Board has run statistical analyses of the scores on this test and compared it to other tests. They are calling the scores valid because there is a similar distribution of scores. However, statistics always works best on a large scale, and that doesn’t mean that they can say how accurate their scores on a case-by-case basis. For example, if you were to flip a coin 1,000 times, you could be pretty certain that you would get heads about 50% of the time and tails about 50% of the time. But it would be really difficult to predict the outcome of just a single toss. Similarly, though the overall scores fall into an appropriate SAT pattern, it’s impossible for the SAT to guarantee that individual students have not been affected by the dropped sections. Some students will have received lower scores than they otherwise would have, and others will receive higher scores. Students who are mid-range scorers are least likely to be affected by the missing sections. The curves on the SAT are always more generous for mid-range scores, and if you are the type of student who could have expected to miss 15-20% of the questions on each section, then your scores are fairly predictable. High scoring students are most likely to be affected. The curves are always harshest at the top, and on this test it is even more noticeable. If you missed just one question in math or critical reading, for example, your score will be lower than it would have been on almost any other SAT. For more on this, see the scoring charts below. How have students been responding? Understandably, students and parents across the country have been none too pleased with the College Board and their results. Here are a few reactions from College Confidential: I have just received my scores this morning and I am outraged. I have performed the worst I have ever done. I know for a fact this is due to the College Board's mistake because I have scored completely out of my score range for each section. I vividly remember feeling the most confident about the last two sections for critical reading and math, so I knew that those 2 sections would boost my grade, or at least balance out some mistakes I made on the previous two sections. So, of course it makes sense that my scores would suffer due to the removal of these sections and it is so frustrating knowing that I could have been done with the standardized testing process had the College Board properly administered the June SAT. Now I have to take the test in October, which will delay my early action application process. College Board, I am extremely disappointed in your lack of professionalism. My son's scores were significantly lower. This was his 3rd time to take it. The first two times he scored 750 in CR (both times). This time†¦ 680. His Math score was 10 points lower than what he scored in March however he had been working with a math tutor and had improved his math score on his last three practice tests (official CB practice tests) to numbers that should have been 30-40 points higher. This is just so frustrating. Without letting students and parents see what the scores would have been with the 2 omitted sections, there is no way to prove that these scores are "reliable" as the CB keeps touting. I know there are people who are going to say "you can't prove that your son didn't just happen to do significantly worse this time" but frankly to get 750 twice in a row on a section that w as only scored with 2 instead of 3 sets of scores is proof to me that these scores are not accurate. I want ACCURATE scores, not "reliable". My sons went down, after having progressive improvement with previous two tests by 100+ pts ea time.... And he'd taken a month long prep course prior to this test. Math, down 70pts. Critical Reading down 60 pts. Writing down 30. Thanks SAT for wasting our time- was to be his final SAT prior to applying Aug 1st to college. We were disappointed, but knew we would be. On every SAT (practice and actual yes, we got the booklet and answers from college board to confirm it) my kid had trouble with the first 2 sections. It takes her that long to settle in. This test was no different. Her math and reading scores went down over 100 points each and (the unaffected) writing stayed exactly the same as it had on the last 2 tests. We are definitely out of the norm for the stats. This test may be statistically similar for the general population, but certainly not equivalent for our situation. Others are writing to the College Board directly, demanding an earlier retest: October is too late to retest for those interested in early decision deadlines of November 2015. You should provide a new test date much earlier. Please consider the amount of extra time students study for the SAT in addition to regular school classes and extracurricular activities including community service activities. Again you should provide an optional testing day well before October 2015 specifically for those affected by your clerical mistake of June 6, 2015. I am sure your mistakes were not intentional but you did make a mistake. With this in mind the best course of action will be to benefit those affected by taking action above and beyond what you are proposing. Please schedule a new test before October 2015 because this date is not conducive to those who were affected by your mistakes of June 6, 2015 and create additional expenses, stress and anxieties for those who were affected by your mistakes. ...The College Board should set a good example for these students and provide an exam in late July so that the students can have their scores before they spend countless hours preparing college applications, researching schools, etc. October 3 is far too late for many students who intend to have their applications completed prior to that date. Many schools have strict deadlines when it comes to providing merit scholarships, and by not retaking the exam until October 3 thousands and thousands of students will not know truly where they stand in relation to acceptance and scholarships. Not to mention that any of the study skills, etc. that the students used for the June exam will be ancient history by October. This means many more study hours for the students plus the potential for a lot of money to be paid to tutors as there will be a lot of stress for this final opportunity to take the exam for the class of 2016. SHAME ON YOU COLLEGE BOARD!!! DO THE RIGHT THING AND PROVIDE AN EXAM WIT HIN THE NEXT FEW WEEKS. This is way too important to ignore or to hide behind the desire for more financial profit.... How do your scores measure up? The best way to see how accurate your scores are is to compare them to the grading systems on previous administrations of the SAT. The College Board has officially released several tests, along with the curves used to grade them. Will this give me my â€Å"real† score? No. As you can see, each test has a different grading scale. This is because of the â€Å"equating† system that the College Board uses, so that more difficult tests can be compared to easier ones. As you can see in the following images, one question wrong on different tests means different grades. There are too many unknown factors to know what your â€Å"real† score would have been with the two sections added in. First of all, you don’t know how you did on those sections. While many people are claiming that they think they didn’t miss any, there’s obviously a very real chance that you did. Also, we don’t know how the difficulty of the June 6th SAT measures up to the difficulty of the tests below. It could have been much more difficult, or much easier. Without knowing that, it’s impossible to tell what the actual grading scale would have looked like. How should I use this information, then? Use the information below to compare your results with what you would have gotten on other tests. This can give you an idea of how you might have done, but it's not exact. For example, here are screen shots of my results. In Reading Comprehension, I missed 4 questions. That would normally come out to a raw score of 62. In looking at the below charts, I can see that a raw score of 62 is usually in the range of 740-760. Instead, I scored a 710. This is quite a bit lower than what I â€Å"should have† scored. I, too, remember Section 8 being quite easy and I was confident in my answers. But everyone makes mistakes, and it’s impossible to say with certainty that I would not have missed more questions. If I had missed another 2 questions, which was my average wrong on the previous two reading sections, my raw score would have been a 60. On the tests below, you can see that would have been equivalent to a score of 720-730. This is still higher than what I got on the June 6th test, but only marginally so. In math, I only missed one question. If I assume that I wouldn’t have missed any others (after all, I did have one error free section), then my raw score would have been 53. As you can see below, 760 is a fair bit harsher than you normally see on math for missing one question, which would have given a score of 790-800 on the below tests. What is the score range? It’s also important to keep in mind that the College Board always recommends thinking of your score as a range instead of a number. This is what your â€Å"score range† is all about. The College Board has always given a score range because they know that one test cannot perfectly measure your abilities. They know there are a lot of factors on test day, like being overly tired, that may affect your score, or that anxiety may make you get stumped on a certain question that normally you would get with no problem at all. Your score range is usually around 30 points below your score, to around 30 points above your score. The idea is that if you were to take the SAT with no additional prep, you should expect your score to be in that range. So, if the differences that you are noticing between your actual score and either your previous scores or the range of scores you can see below is greater than 30 points, there’s more cause for you to be concerned about the accuracy of your scores. On the flip side, if your score was 20 points lower than the last time you took the test, and you didn’t do a significant amount of extra prep, you should know that those scores are probably pretty accurate. Here are the scoring guides – how do you compare? Where do you go from here? Unfortunately, the College Board is still unwilling to give students a summer makeup test. You can, however, register for free for the October test if you are not satisfied with your scores. If you would like to re-take the test, start studying now. You are at a great advantage because you have all summer, without the stress of schoolwork, to master the tricky concepts. Check out our guides for improving low scores or getting a perfect score for October, and if you remember any concepts you thought were particularly difficult, review them in our free online guides. Keep in mind that colleges understand the score range ¸ and that they are also happy to accept the June 6th scores. If for some reason you cannot or do not want to make up the test, try not to stress out if your scores were only marginally worse than the last time you took the SAT. All students should keep an eye on the FAQ on the College Board web site for the June 6th test in case there are updates. Also, if you have questions or complaints and want a response from the College Board, call their customer service line at 866-756-7346. They are asking people to email them customer service problems, but this is because it makes it easier for them to issue stock responses. Finally, if you feel cheated by the College Board’s mistake, don’t forget about the pending lawsuit against them. If the College Board loses, you may be due some compensation. How did you do? How do your scores compare to what you would have gotten on a previous test? Tell us below in the comments or tweet us @prepscholar. Disappointed with your scores? Want to improve your SAT score by 240 points?We've written a guide about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Gun Rights Under President Ronald Reagan

Gun Rights Under President Ronald Reagan President Ronald Reagan will forever be remembered fondly by Second Amendment supporters, many of who are among the American conservatives who consider Reagan a poster child of modern conservatism.  But words and actions of Reagan, the 40th President of the United States, left behind a mixed record on gun rights. His presidential administration did not bring about any new gun control laws of significance. However, in his post-presidency, Reagan cast his support to a pair of critical gun control measures in the 1990s: 1993’s Brady Bill and 1994’s Assault Weapons Ban. Bettmann/ Getty Images Reagan: The Pro-Gun Candidate Ronald Reagan entered the 1980 presidential campaign as a known supporter of the Second Amendment right to keep and bear arms. While gun rights wouldn’t be a primary issue in presidential politics for another decade, the issue was being pushed to the forefront of the American political scene by those, as Reagan wrote in a 1975 issue of Guns Ammo magazine, â€Å"who say that gun control is an idea whose time has come.† The Gun Control Act of 1968 was still a relatively fresh issue, and U.S. Attorney General Edward H. Levi had proposed outlawing guns in areas with high crime rates. In his Guns Ammo column, Reagan left little doubt about his stance on the Second Amendment, writing: â€Å"In my opinion, proposals to outlaw or confiscate guns are simply unrealistic panacea.† Reagan’s stance was that violent crime would never be eliminated, with or without gun control. Instead, he said, efforts to curb crime should target those who misuse guns, similarly to the way laws target those who use an automobile feloniously or recklessly. Saying the Second Amendment â€Å"leaves little, if any, leeway for the gun control advocate,† he added that â€Å"the right of the citizen to keep and bear arms must not be infringed if liberty in America is to survive.† Firearm Owners Protection Act The lone piece of significant legislation related to gun rights during the Reagan administration was the Firearm Owners Protection Act of 1986. Signed into law by Reagan on May 19, 1986, the legislation amended the Gun Control Act of 1968 by repealing parts of the original act that were deemed by studies to be unconstitutional. The National Rifle Association and other pro-gun groups lobbied for passage of the legislation, and it was generally considered favorable for gun owners. Among other things, the act made it easier to transport long rifles across the United States, ended federal records-keeping on ammunition sales and prohibited the prosecution of someone passing through areas with strict gun control with firearms in their vehicle, so long as the gun was properly stored. However, the act also contained a provision banning the ownership of any fully automatic firearms not registered by May 19, 1986. That provision was slipped into the legislation as an 11th-hour amendment by Rep. William J. Hughes, a New Jersey Democrat. Reagan has been criticized by some gun owners for signing legislation containing the Hughes amendment. Post-Presidency Gun Views Before Reagan left office in January 1989, efforts were afoot in Congress to pass legislation creating a national background check and mandatory waiting period for handgun purchases. The Brady Bill, as the legislation was named, had the backing of Sarah Brady, the wife of former Reagan press secretary Jim Brady, who was wounded in a 1981 assassination attempt on the president. The Brady Bill initially struggled for support in Congress  but was gaining ground by the latter days of Reagan’s predecessor, President George H.W. Bush. In a 1991 op-ed for the New York Times, Reagan voiced his support for the Brady Bill, saying the 1981 assassination attempt might have never happened if the Brady Bill had been law. Citing statistics suggesting 9,200 murders are committed each year in the United States using handguns, Reagan said, â€Å"This level of violence must be stopped. Sarah and Jim Brady are working hard to do that, and I say more power to them.† It was a 180-degree turn from Reagan’s 1975 piece in Guns Ammo magazine when he said that gun control is pointless because murder cannot be prevented. Three years later, Congress had passed the Brady Bill and was working on another piece of gun control legislation, a ban on assault weapons. Reagan joined former Presidents Gerald Ford and Jimmy Carter in a letter published in the Boston Globe that called on Congress to pass a ban on assault weapons. Later, in a letter to Rep. Scott Klug, a Wisconsin Republican, Reagan said the limitations proposed by the Assault Weapon Ban â€Å"are absolutely necessary† and that it â€Å"must be passed.† Klug voted in favor of the ban. End Result of Reagan Presidency on Gun Rights The Firearm Owners Protection Act of 1986 will be remembered as an important piece of legislation for gun rights. However, Reagan also cast his support behind the two most controversial pieces of gun control legislation of the past 30 years. His support of the Assault Weapons Ban in 1994 may have directly led to the ban winning the approval of Congress. Congress passed the ban by a vote of 216-214. In addition to Klug voting for the ban after Reagan’s last-minute plea, Rep. Dick Swett, D-N.H., also credited Reagan’s support of the bill for helping him decide to cast a favorable vote. A more lasting impact of Reagan’s policy on guns was the nomination of several Supreme Court justices. Of the four justices nominated by Reagan   Sandra Day O’Connor, William Rehnquist, Antonin Scalia and Anthony Kennedy the latter two were still on the bench for a pair of important Supreme Court rulings on gun rights in the 2000s: District of Columbia v. Heller in 2008 and McDonald v. Chicago in 2010. Both sided with a narrow, 4-3 majority in striking down gun bans in Washington D.C. and Chicago while ruling that the Second Amendment applies to individuals and the states.

The Islam and its Concept of Jihad and Jihadism Essay - 1

The Islam and its Concept of Jihad and Jihadism - Essay Example In order to understand the concepts of Jihad as outlined in the Islam and as they are being practiced now, it is really critical to understand the overall concept of Jihad and how it has been outlined by the Islam in it original principles. Further, it is also critical to explore as to how the Jihad is being conceived and practiced now and whether there is a drift from the earlier established principles or not. It has been argued that the Jihad as it is practiced now is a complete shift from the earlier traditions of Islam and is now believed to be practiced in a manner which marks a complete shift from the same. Whether this is the case or not or whether Jihad is exactly practiced the way earlier traditions outlined is the topic which this paper will attempt to explore and discuss. The literal meaning of the word Jihad in Arabic is struggle and is a noun in Arabic language. The word Jihad has appeared in the Quran for more than 40 times however, indirect references to the metaphysical meanings of the word have also been made in Quran on various occasions. Quranic interpretation of Jihad therefore indicates a struggle in the way of Allah and is considered as one of the important religious duties for the Muslims. There are various instances in Muslim history in which Prophet (PBUH) has considered doing Jihad under different conditions. The overall importance which has been attached to it is because it is not only mentioned in Quran but it was also practiced by the Prophet (PBUH) himself. (Burgat & Dowell, 1993) There are various instances in the Islamic history wherein Prophet (PBUH) has specifically mentioned that the greater Jihad is the struggle against one’s own desires. Based on this, Jihad is therefore often divided into two categories i.e. lesser Jihad and greater Jihad or Jihad e Akbar.

Eating Disorders Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Eating Disorders - Research Paper Example Eating disorder may affect both male and female (NIMH, 2011). The research, therefore, is about the factors influencing the eating disorders in both men and women in the society. Types of Disorders Eating disorders are common and treatable illnesses. They always go hand in hand with substance abuse, depression, or disorders of anxiety. If these symptoms of the eating disorders are not properly treated, they can pose a threat to life and, therefore, people with eating disorders need to seek medical attention or they are likely to die earlier than other individuals of the same age. There are different types such disorders: bulimia nervosa, binge-eating disorder, and anorexia nervosa. When people have anorexia nervosa, they think they are overweight when in truth they are clearly underweight. Weight control and eating food will always be an obsession. People with anorexia are always seen weighing themselves frequently, measuring food carefully, and eating extremely small portions of foo d. People with this illness always engage in excessive exercising, inducing vomiting, and misuses of laxatives or enemas. People with anorexia nervosa are characterized by extreme thinness, intense fear of weight gain, distorted body image, low self-esteem, irregular menstruations (or lack of them) in young girls, and eating according to an extremely restricted diet. Anorexic individuals recover when treated properly. However, there are some who will always have relapses and some who have a chronic illness, so their health deteriorates overtime (NIMH, 2011). Bulimia nervosa is another example of eating disorder. An ill person regularly eats large quantities of food and is not able to control these episodes. The illness is often accompanied by such behaviors as self-induced vomiting, overeating, an excessive use of laxatives, fasting, extreme exercises, or a combination of these behaviors. Bulimic individuals are usually healthy and have normal weight, but they desperately want to lo se weight and are extremely unhappy about their body size and shape. They always perform these behaviors secretly, because they are shameful acts accompanied by feelings of disgust. The binge-eating has the following characteristics: sore throat that is inflamed, salivary glands that are swollen in the jaw area and neck, sensitive teeth that are decaying due to exposure to stomach acid, gastrointestinal problems, severe dehydration due to purging fluids, and electrolyte imbalance that may lead to a heart attack. The binge eating always occurs from several times a day to many times a week (NIMH, 2011). The final example of an eating disorder is the binge-eating disorder. An ill person is not able to control his or her eating habits. A person with the binge-eating disorder is often overweight or obese. Such a person is at a higher risk of developing cardiovascular problems and high blood pressure problems. This may result to a heart attack. These people always feel guilt, shame, and s tress about their habits, which results in more binge-eating (NIMH, 2011). Causes of Eating Disorders Eating disorders are termed as illnesses, because they destroy processes in an individual and display characteristic symptoms. Eating disorders are a result of a combination of psychological, genetic, and sociological factors. As for genetic factors, many researchers believe that, for a person to

The Flow of Foreign Direct Investment to Developing Countries Essay

The Flow of Foreign Direct Investment to Developing Countries - Essay Example This theory draws heavily on the more general work of Williamson that explores the conditions under which firms choose a hierarchical approach to engaging in business activities rather than a market-based approach. Williamson argues that where two sets of conditions exist, firms will tend to prefer internal or hierarchical approaches. These conditions include oligopolistic (few sellers) or oligopsonistic (few buyers) market settings and situations of great uncertainty. Oligopolistic or oligopsonistic situations lead to the choice of a hierarchical approach because, in these situations, opportunistic economic agents will make it very difficult for a firm to negotiate an equitable transaction. In situations of uncertainty, the fact that individuals and organizations are limited in their analytical capacity will lead to internal organization because of the difficulty of writing and enforcing long-term contracts that incorporate all the necessary contingencies that arise as a result of a n uncertain environment (Michael, 1982). Building upon this work, international business theorists suggest that firms that venture overseas either have a particular competitive advantage or seek a competitive advantage. A firm's existing competitive advantage might be its superior technology, its unparalleled management expertise, or its unique brand name. Indeed, these competitive advantages are often intangible assets. Though critical to the firm, they are not identified as fixed assets in the firm's balance sheet. The firm has various options it could use to benefit from these competitive advantages. These options span the choice of a market or a hierarchical approach. In particular, the firm could sell or rent these advantages on the... This essay stresses that the worldwide pool of labor expanded beyond the borders of the countries with enfranchised working classes and high levels of reproduction. Employers seeking to minimize their direct employment costs and their indirect political burdens sought out communities of workers who were politically less potent than those in the older industrial states and whose costs of reproduction were lower. This paper makes a conclusion that the findings highlight the interaction between global financial institutions and local political-economic variables. When these variables measure both international and intranational processes simultaneously, they reflect or point to highly interdependent processes that influence the location of foreign investment. In other words, national and international dynamics are so interpenetrating in the modern world system that any analysis that disregards the effect of either set of factors is seriously deficient. As such, the work extends the political sociology of foreign direct investment by showing the importance of international financial institutions in directing and attracting foreign direct investment. Specifically, International Monetary Fund conditionality is both a signal of approval and a generator of policies that create access to foreign investors. When these two factors interact with policies of repressive regimes, foreign investors have re alized their goal: economic access and political protection.

Free Narrative Writing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Free Narrative Writing - Essay Example He compared it to having a daughter. A son who does not breastfeed would cry for milk again and again. Your large cans of formula milk would vanish faster than you can buy it. They computed that his wife was better off breastfeeding than taking a part-time job. So she did not work anymore. She was not that happy though, his friend said. His face tightened a little. She liked having her own money, you know. Having that time to be away. They had six kids. She was pregnant almost every year. When Aamir went home, Adeela was waiting by the door. She already received her husband's text message that he would be coming home. She waited patiently and read Aamir's face who entered the door with sweat in his brow. His face was darker than the clouds outside. He did not get the job again. Adeela patted her husband's shoulder. â€Å"Did you have dinner already?† â€Å"No, I did not.† â€Å"I cooked Biryani.† â€Å"Vegetables?† â€Å"I added some fish.† He went to the table and looked at the dish. He could see a pinch of fish. He wondered how it would be to be a fish. His wife would be having hundreds of twins maybe. â€Å"You go ahead and eat. This can last until the morning,† he told his wife. He went into the kitchen and opened the half-full carton of milk. He drank half a glass and went to bed. Adeela ate silently. Aamir turned on his phone's radio and listened to classical music. His mother used to play that to him when they were little. She played the violin before too, before the car accident. Then everything went downhill from there. Their father became a drunkard. They lost their carpet business to booze and cards. Aamir slept and snored noisily. Adeela just washed the dishes and lied beside her husband. She felt her twins kick hard inside her. She looked out the window. It was 10 PM and her husband said he'd be home by 8 PM. Two hours. Where did he go? Two hours ago Aamir walked mindlessly in the dark park. His hands were sunk deep into his pant's pockets. It was cold and it bit him. But he felt nothing. He had been trying to have a job for the past two months now. He wished for a laptop. It would have been nice to try writing again. He heard someone talking about writing online and making good money. He needed that. Good money. It would be nice to stay at home too. He could look after his wife and kids. He noticed two white teenagers had been following him. He thought they couldn't steal anything from him. But if they killed him, that wouldn't be good. His wife would be helpless without him. Aamir decided to walk faster and left the park's darker paths. The snores made her stay awake for a good part of the night. Adeela didn't mind. She slept soundly the whole day, while her husband looked for a job. She went over the classified ads herself. She found two or three jobs that she could apply for. Part-time jobs. But Aamir did not want to hear about it. She wished she was the man instead. The clock tic ked longer when it was morning. Adeela received a phone call from her mother, who checked everyday if she was okay. Her mother called twice a day. Sometimes thrice. Or four times. She always hanged up after knowing that Aamir haven't found any job yet. Her mother suggested, â€Å"Why don't you come here? You can stay and save rent. Food. He could work at the laundry business.† â€Å"No Mama. He wouldn't like that.† â€Å"You married a proud man. You cannot use ego to buy food and milk. I have to go now.† Adeela could hear it. The breaking sound of her mother's voice who wanted

Process Performance Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Process Performance - Research Paper Example The store being in operation for the last six decades have a tremendous experience in the pizza market. The business has an advantage since they have unique food enjoyed by the customers. With the current trends and technological change, there is need to adopt the advanced ways of increasing efficiency in processing since the people are used to faster services in other disciplines. Therefore, the pizza store has to follow suit and offer real time services in order for it to retain its customers. The Pizza Store Layout Simulation which has been introduced has helped the business manage the service delivery to customers. This is though management of queues so that customers do not wait for long before they are served. An important point to consider from the present system is that and in general is that customers must be satisfied. The system ties to balance the demand for a certain service and the ability of the system to offer the service. The concepts from the learning curve are very important since it determines and shows the achievement of the process to meet its requirements. As from the design of the process, it has a control line mean drawn within a lower tolerance limit and upper tolerance limit in the learning curve. This shows the range at which the management wants the production and service delivery to range in order to have a customer satisfactory service and profitable business. This is the main aim of any business as pointed out by Chase et el (2006) that such learning curves are used in corporate strategy planning that involves decisions on pricing, capital investments and cost of operation (Chase, Jacobs, & Aquilano, 2006). In summary the system helps in determining the changes that need to be made and the magnitude of these changes since it will show how a change in one metric alters the others. A new design will basically base itself on the current system. It will be an improvement of the current design by

Promotional Activity and Pricing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Promotional Activity and Pricing - Essay Example The firm also offers amenities to its customers in order to meet their entertainment needs. In addition, Southwest Airlines serves their customers by providing Business Select, Wifi, Mobile Access, and EarlyBird Check-In facilities. The South west Airlines has designed special provision for the customers who are aged 65 and older; and extreme facilities are also offered to kids and disabled persons (Seniors: Southwest.com). The company has also arranged high tech facilities for providing boarding passes. The customers can receive boarding passes from the Skycap Counter (situated in selected locations) and check luggage four hours prior to the scheduled departure. The competitive promotional packages include low costs and customers’ loyalty. Since the Southwest Airlines avoids too much luxury facilities, it can cut down the passenger charges which in turn assist the company to achieve customers’ loyalty. The efficient managerial strategies of the company have assisted it to design a competitive promotional mix that effectively meets customer interests. II Wilbur L. Schramm proposed an original model of communication process in 1954 which clearly depicts the information flow in a system. The Schramm’s model is just an extension of Shannon-Weaver transmission model of communication that proposes six elements of communication such as source, encoder, message, channel, decoder, and receiver. In addition to these elements, the Schramm’s model suggests other two concepts such as feedback and field of experience. According to Schramm’s model (as cited in Scannell, 2007, p.210), encoding plays a crucial role in the communication process as it the first step that converts the thought into content. This model says that the information is of no use if the recipient is not able to decode what the speaker actually intents to convey. Hence, Schramm’s model stands on the strength of the principle that encoding and decoding are the two basic elements of a communications system since effective flow of information between two individuals is not possible without these two. On the basis of this model, one can explicitly say that the Southwest Airlines has effectively established a communication system in its promotional mix. For instance, as the company deals with segment focused operations, it can identify domestic needs and serve local population well (Europe Lowcost). The domestic operations aid the company to avoid cultural barriers in communication process; it enables the company to effectively practice its promotional mix by ensuring effective flow of communication between customers and airlines management. In addition, the customer feedback collection process also contributes to effective information flow. III Like Southwest Airlines, many other air travel companies also offer additional services to its customers. It is necessary to take ranges of things into account while setting prices for the various service s provided by the airlines. It would be better to classify the product/service offers into two such as ordinary and luxury in order to effectively set prices for them. Ordinary products include snacks and other food items while satellite radio and TV facilities constitute luxury products. It is evident that aircraft passengers include low, middle, and upper class individuals; therefore, airlines companies must meet the interests of every class of people while setting pri

Process Performance Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Process Performance - Research Paper Example The store being in operation for the last six decades have a tremendous experience in the pizza market. The business has an advantage since they have unique food enjoyed by the customers. With the current trends and technological change, there is need to adopt the advanced ways of increasing efficiency in processing since the people are used to faster services in other disciplines. Therefore, the pizza store has to follow suit and offer real time services in order for it to retain its customers. The Pizza Store Layout Simulation which has been introduced has helped the business manage the service delivery to customers. This is though management of queues so that customers do not wait for long before they are served. An important point to consider from the present system is that and in general is that customers must be satisfied. The system ties to balance the demand for a certain service and the ability of the system to offer the service. The concepts from the learning curve are very important since it determines and shows the achievement of the process to meet its requirements. As from the design of the process, it has a control line mean drawn within a lower tolerance limit and upper tolerance limit in the learning curve. This shows the range at which the management wants the production and service delivery to range in order to have a customer satisfactory service and profitable business. This is the main aim of any business as pointed out by Chase et el (2006) that such learning curves are used in corporate strategy planning that involves decisions on pricing, capital investments and cost of operation (Chase, Jacobs, & Aquilano, 2006). In summary the system helps in determining the changes that need to be made and the magnitude of these changes since it will show how a change in one metric alters the others. A new design will basically base itself on the current system. It will be an improvement of the current design by

Developing an Integrated Marketing Communications Strategy Essay

Developing an Integrated Marketing Communications Strategy - Essay Example This paper will focus on developing an integrated marketing communication strategy for Selfridges, a departmental store located in London, United Kingdom. The objectives of the marketing strategy will include: increasing awareness of the products and brand visibility, increasing company sales, and customer base, enlarging the marketing channels and integrating the marketing content to convey a similar message that focuses on product quality and excellent customer shopping experience ad service. These objectives will be achieved by launching a comprehensive marketing campaign that will focus on several marketing channels. These channels include offline, online, mobile and social media marketing strategies. The department store is also called Selfridge & Co. It is a chain of high-end departmental stores that was founded by Gordon Harry Selfridge. The basis of the store's success is the innovative marketing strategies that have been used over time. For example, at the initial stages, Go rdon used creativity to making shopping adventurous by putting merchandise on display so that customers would be attracted to the departmental stores. He put highly profitable items at the front end so that customers could easily see them. He made policies that made it easy and safe for customers to shop. These techniques have been developed by other departmental stores worldwide. The stores have a slogan that says that the customer is always right. The company has successfully launched profitable advertising campaigns based on this slogan. Following their good customer focus and creative marketing strategy, the stores are very popular and register high profits year after year.

History of Coffee Essay Example for Free

History of Coffee Essay The global spread of coffee growing and drinking began in the Horn of Africa, where, according to legend, coffee trees originated in the Ethiopian province of Kaffa. It is recorded that the fruit of the plant, known as coffee cherries, was eaten by slaves taken from present day Sudan into Yemen and Arabia through the great port of its day, Mocha. Coffee was certainly being cultivated in Yemen by the 15th century and probably much earlier. In an attempt to prevent its cultivation elsewhere, the Arabs imposed a ban on the export of fertile coffee beans, a restriction that was eventually circumvented in 1616 by the Dutch, who brought live coffee plants back to the Netherlands to be grown in greenhouses. Initially, the authorities in Yemen actively encouraged coffee drinking. The first coffeehouses or kaveh kanes opened in Mecca and quickly spread throughout the Arab world, thriving as places where chess was played, gossip was exchanged and singing, dancing and music were enjoyed. Nothing quite like this had existed before: a place where social and business life could be conducted in comfortable surroundings and where for the price of a cup of coffee anyone could venture. Perhaps predictably, the Arabian coffeehouse soon became a centre of political activity and was suppressed. Over the next few decades coffee and coffeehouses were banned numerous times but kept reappearing until eventually an acceptable way out was found when a tax was introduced on both. By the late 1600’s the Dutch were growing coffee at Malabar in India and in 1699 took some plants to Batavia in Java, in what is now Indonesia. Within a few years the Dutch colonies had become the main suppliers of coffee to Europe, where coffee had first been brought by Venetian traders in 1615. This was a period when the two other globally significant hot beverages also appeared in Europe. Hot chocolate was the first, brought by the Spanish from the Americas to Spain in 1528; and tea, which was first sold in Europe in 1610. At first coffee was mainly sold by lemonade vendors and was believed to have medicinal qualities. The first European coffeehouse opened in Venice in 1683, with the most famous, Caffe Florian in Piazza San Marco, opening in 1720. It is still open for business today. The largest insurance market in the world, Lloyds of London, began life as a coffeehouse. It was started in 1688 by Edward Lloyd, who prepared lists of the ships that his customers had insured. The first literary reference to coffee being drunk in North America is from 1668 and, soon after, coffee houses were established in New York, Philadelphia, Boston and other towns. The Boston Tea Party Of 1773 was planned in a coffee house, the Green Dragon. Both the New York Stock Exchange and the Bank of New York started in coffeehouses in what is today known as Wall Street. In 1720 a French naval officer named Gabriel Mathieu de Clieu, while on leave in Paris from his post in Martinique, acquired a coffee tree with the intention of taking it with him on the return voyage. With the plant secured in a glass case on deck to keep it warm and prevent damage from salt water, the journey proved eventful. As recorded in de Clieus own journal, the ship was threatened by Tunisian pirates. There was a violent storm, during which the plant had to be tied down. A jealous fellow officer tried to sabotage the plant, resulting in a branch being torn off. When the ship was becalmed and drinking water rationed, De Clieu ensured the plant’s survival by giving it most of his precious water. Finally, the ship arrived in Martinique and the coffee tree was re-planted at Preebear. It grew, and multiplied, and by 1726 the first harvest was ready. It is recorded that, by 1777, there were between 18 and 19 million coffee trees on Martinique, and the model for a new cash crop that could be grown in the New World was in place. But it was the Dutch who first started the spread of the coffee plant in Central and South America, where today it reigns supreme as the main continental cash crop. Coffee first arrived in the Dutch colony of Surinam in 1718, to be followed by plantations in French Guyana and the first of many in Brazil in the state of Para. In 1730 the British introduced coffee to Jamaica, where today the most famous and expensive coffee in the world is grown in the Blue Mountains. The 17th and 18th centuries saw the establishment across Brazil of vast sugar plantations or fazendas, owned by the country’s elite. As sugar prices weakened in the 1820’s, capital and labour migrated to the southeast in response to the expansion of coffee growing in the Paraiba Valley, where it had been introduced in 1774. By the beginning of the 1830’s Brazil was the world’s largest producer with some 600,000 bags a year, followed by Cuba, Java and Haiti, each with annual production of 350 to 450,000 bags. World production amounted to some 2. 5 million bags per year. The rapid expansion of production in Brazil and Java, among others, caused a significant decline in world prices. These bottomed out in the late 1840’s, from which point a strong upward movement occurred, reaching its peak in the 1890’s. During this latter period, due mainly to a lack of inland transport and manpower, Brazilian expansion slowed considerably. Meanwhile, the upward movement of prices encouraged the growth of coffee cultivation in other producing regions in the Americas such as Guatemala, Mexico, El Salvador and Colombia. In Colombia, where coffee had been introduced by the Jesuits as early as 1723, civil strife and the inaccessibility of the best coffee-growing regions had hampered the growth of a coffee industry. Following the â€Å"Thousand Days War† of 1899 to 1903, the new peace saw Colombians turn to coffee as their salvation. While larger plantations, or haciendas, dominated the upper Magdalena river regions of Cundinamarca and Tolima, determined peasants staked new claims in the mountainous regions to the west, in Antioquia and Caldas. New railways, relying on coffee for profit, allowed more coffee to be grown and transported. The opening of the Panama Canal in 1914 permitted exports from Colombia’s previously unreachable Pacific coast, with the port of Buenaventura assuming increasing importance. In 1905 Colombia exported five hundred thousand bags of coffee; by 1915 exports had doubled. While Brazil desperately tried to control its overproduction, Colombian coffee became increasingly popular with American and European consumers. In 1914 Brazil supplied three-quarters of U. S. imports with 5. 6 million bags, but by 1919 that figure had fallen to 4. 3 million, while Colombia’s share had risen from 687,000 to 915,000 bags. During the same period Central American exports to the U. S. had risen from 302,000 to 1. 2 million bags. In spite of political turmoil, social upheaval and economic vicissitude, the 20th century saw an essentially continuous rise in demand for coffee. U. S. consumption continued to grow reaching a peak in 1946, when annual per capita consumption was 19. 8 pounds, twice the figure in 1900. Especially during periods of high global prices, this steadily increasing demand lead to an expansion in production throughout the coffee-growing regions of the world. With the process of decolonisation that began in the years following the Second World War, many newly independent nations in Africa, notably Uganda, Kenya, Rwanda and Burundi, found themselves in varying degrees dependent on coffee export revenue. For US coffee drinkers, the country’s wettest city, Seattle, has become synonymous with a new type of cafe culture, which, from its birth in the 1970s, swept the continent, dramatically improving the general quality of the beverage. This new found evangelism for coffee has spread to the rest of the world, even to countries with great coffee traditions of their own, such as Italy, Germany, and Scandinavia, adding new converts to the pleasures of good coffee. Today it is possible to find good coffee in every major city of the world, from London to Sydney to Tokyo; we are drinking more and, more importantly, better coffee. The importance of coffee to the world economy cannot be overstated. It is one of the most valuable primary products in world trade, in many years second in value only to oil as a source of foreign exchange to producing countries. Its cultivation, processing, trading, transportation and marketing provide employment for hundreds of millions of people worldwide. Coffee is crucial to the economies and politics of many developing countries; for many of the worlds Least Developed Countries, exports of coffee account for more than 50 percent of their foreign exchange earnings. Coffee is a traded commodity on major futures and commodity exchanges, most importantly in London and New York. ARCHITECTURAL SOLUTION I. FACILITIES According to the experts and professionals, the facilities must be divided into series of modules which can be combined as required to suit a particular location. The following modules are included: A. Administrative Service †¢ Lobby 15 m? †¢ Information and Reception area 10 m? †¢ Toilet 1. 67 m? B. Employee Facilities †¢ Cafeteria and Kitchen 30 m? †¢ Recreation Area (Indoor and Outdoor) 50 m? †¢ Factory Men’s and Women’s Lockers and Toilets 35 m? †¢ Office Men’s and women’s Lockers and Toilets 35 m? †¢ Meeting area 45 m? †¢ Nurse’s station and First Aid 25 m? C. Warehouse 200 m? D. Wet Processing Area (Produces Washed Coffee) †¢ Cherry reception/Sorting Area 15 m? /machine †¢ Floatation Area 30 m? †¢ Pregrader/Pulper Area 15 m? /machine †¢ Pregrading Area 25 m? †¢ Fermentation Area 35 m? †¢ Washing Area 25 m? †¢ Grading Area 15 m? /machine †¢ Skin Drying Area 15 m? /machine †¢ Sun and or Mechanical drying area 20 m? /machine †¢ Storage 35 m? †¢ Toilet( Men and Women) 6 m? E. Dry Processing Area( Produces Original Coffee). Cherry reception/Sorting area 15 m? /machine †¢ Floatation area 25 m? †¢ Skin drying and raking area 20 m?/machine †¢ Storage/conditioning area 35 m? †¢ Toilet(Men and Women) 6 m? F. Coffee Milling Area 25 m? /machine G. Packaging Area 20 m? /machine H. Cocoa Processing (to produce cocoa butter, cocoa powder) †¢ Cocoa Bean Reception Area 30 m? †¢ Cleansing and Shelling Area 45 m? †¢ Winnowing And Roasting Area 30 m? †¢ Grinding and Refining Area 15 m? /machine †¢ Alcalizing Area 20 m? †¢ Pressing Area 20 m? /machine †¢ Milling Area25 m? /machine †¢ Bagging Area 25 m? /machine †¢ Storage 35 m? I. Delivery Loading/Unloading Area 80 m? J. Parking Area 100 m? K. Villas for tourist 3600 m? †¢ Villa lot size 120 m? L. Villas for Workers 3000 m? †¢ Villa lot size 90 m? M. Museum 150 m? N. Coffee Spa 200 m? O. Restaurant 200 m? P. Horse Back riding 500 m? Q. Sports and Recreational Facilities 1500 m? Machinery and Equipments (Wet Process and Dry Process) †¢ Vertical Dick Type Coffee Pulper VCP 700 †¢ Vertical Disk Type Coffee Pulper VCP – 5000 †¢ Vertical Dick Type Coffee Pulper VCP – 200 †¢ Bucket Elevators 1 †¢ Bucket Elevators 2 †¢ Coffee Hullers †¢ Coffee Graders †¢ Gravity Separators †¢ Catador †¢ 50 kg/hour Coffee Roaster †¢ 150 kg/hour Coffee Roaster †¢ 70 kg/hour Coffee Roaster †¢ Coffee Grinder †¢ Coffee Mixer Machine Harverster †¢ Korvan Harvester †¢ Brastoft Harvester. Details and Images of Machineries and Equipments attached in Appendix I BREWING TIPS FOR THAT PERFECT CUP †¢ Buy freshly roasted coffee in whole beans. Coffee is best consumed within 60 days from when it was roasted. †¢ Store in an air tight container away from light. †¢ Grind your coffee as you need it. Make sure that you use the right grind for your brewing system. †¢ Use cold filtered water that is pleasant tasting. †¢ Use one standard coffee measure or two tablespoons per 6 oz cup of coffee †¢ To keep your brewed coffee longer transfers it to a thermos. Space Programming (Coffee Processing) Space Programming (Employee Facilities). Site Selection I. Criteria for Site Selection |Location |It should be located in an agricultural zone with soil that are deep, well-drained | | |and rich in organic matter | |Size |30 to 50 hectares | |Accessibility |Easy access to Metro Manila, to major to minor road | |Transportation |Must be reachable through commuters and private vehicles | |Climate/Environment |Climate which has sharply defined wet and dry season, the mean temperature is 20o to| | |38o Celsius | |Topography |Relatively flat | |Utilities |Accessible to water main, proper sewage system, electrical service and communication | | |networks |. Site Selection |Criteria |Site A |Site B |Site C | | |(Sumulong,Batangas) |(Lipa City, Batangas) |(Lipa City, Batangas) | |Location It should be located in |It is located in an agricultural |It is located in agricultural zone|It is located in agricultural | |an agricultural zone with soil that|zone of brgy. Simulong Batangas |of Brgy. Pinagkawitan, City of |zone of Brgy. Pussil. City of | |are deep, well-drained and rich in |City |Lipa |Lipa | |organic matter | | | | |Size – 30 to 50 hectares. |20 hectares |55 hectares |24 hectares | |Utilities Accessible to water | National Power Corporation, |National Power Corporation, |National Power Corporation, | |main, proper sewage system, |Batangas Water District |Batangas Water District, PLDT, |Batangas Water District, PLDT, | |electrical service and | |Digitel Telecommunication Phils. |Digitel Telecommunication | |communication networks | |And Globe Telecom |Phils. And Globe Telecom | |Accessibility Easy access to |Easy access to Metro Manila, to |Easy access to Metro Manila |Easy access to Metro Manila | |Metro Manila, to major and minor |major and minor road |To major to minor road |to major to minor road | |road | | | | |Transportation Must be reachable|Public utility vehicles |Public utility vehicles |Public utility vehicles | |through commuters and private |Private vehicles |Private vehicles |Private vehicles | |vehicles | | | | |Topography – Relatively flat |Relatively flat | Relatively flat | Relatively flat |. |Climate Climate which has sharply|Temperature of 26 ° / 38 °c, wet |Temperature of 25 ° / 36 °C wet |Temperature of 25 ° / 38 °C wet | |defined wet and dry season, the |and dry season |and dry season |and dry season | |mean temperature is 20o to 38o | | | | |Celsius | | | | Based from the site selection, Site B is the best site among the other site choices. Site B is strategically located in well – agricultural zone and meets the entire requirement needed in the proposal in term of conditions of land and distance from the Brgys. Apparently Site B heading the most perfect site for the proposal since, it is near from the commercial areas and its in agricultural zone III. Profile of Site A. Locations Situated in near Brgy. Pinagkawitan, Lipa City, Batangas, Boundaries: South Luzon Expressway, Padre Torres Provincial Road B. Size – As recommended the size of the site 30 to 50 Hectares is near and most rated in the site category and most preferred site standard to the proposal. C. Accessibility – the site accessibility is no problem at all since; the site is adjacent to the expressway and major road in Batangas D. Utilities – Telephone, Fax, Radio, Electricity from National Power Corporation, water supply from Batangas Water District E. Transportation – Public Utility vehicles and rivate vehicles F. Topography – flat terrain Map and details of the site are attached in Appendix II DESIGN CONCEPT Modern architecture is a term given to a number of building styles with similar characteristics, primarily the simplification of form and the elimination of ornament. The style was conceived early in the 20th century. Modern Architecture was adopted by many influential architects and architectural educators, however very few Modern buildings were built in the first half of the century. It gained popularity after the Second World War and became the dominant architectural style for institutional and corporate buildings for three decades. CHARACTERISTICS Modern architecture is usually characterized by: †¢ a rejection of historical styles as a source of architectural form (historicism) †¢ an adoption of the principle that the materials and functional requirements determine the result. †¢ an adoption of the machine aesthetic †¢ a rejection of ornament †¢ a simplification of form and elimination of unnecessary detail †¢ an adoption of expressed structure †¢ Form follows function DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS ZONING: Zoning determines the size and use of buildings, where they are located and, in large measure, the densities of the city’s diverse neighborhoods. Along with the city’s power to budget, tax, and condemn property, zoning is a key tool for carrying out planning policy. ACCESSIBILITY: Accessibility is a general term used to describe the degree to which a product (e. g. , device, service, and environment) is accessible by as many people as possible. DISABILITIES: The disability rights movement advocates equal access to social, political, and economic life which includes not only physical access but access to the same tools, services, organizations and facilities which we all pay for. STABILITY: Stability of the propose building must be consider. The builfing must withstand any circumstances that might affect and might destroy it, like an earthquake. References Burea of Agricultural Statistics Department of Agriculture Nescafe Philippines Inc Nestle Philippines Inc P. D. 856 – Code on Sanitation of the Philippines and Its Implementing Rules and Regulations P. D. 1096 – National Building Code of the Philippines and Its Implementing P. D. 1185 – Fire Code of the Philippines and Its Implementing Rules and Regulations R. A. 184 – Philippine Electrical Code R. A. 1378 – National Plumbing Code of the Philippines and Its Implementing http://www. tupeloplantation. com/documents/tupelo-plantation-pud. pdf www. internationalorganizationofcoffee. inc http://www. charityfarm. co. uk/charityfarm. htm http://www. vetiver. org/ETH_WORKSHOP_09/ETH_A6a. pdf http://www. losaricoffeeplantation. com/ http://xandercap. com/Documents/New%20Exec%20Summary%20-%20V2. pdf www. internationalorganizationofcoffee. inc Time-Saver Standards for Building Types. McGraw-Hill Book Company. 1980 THE SITE.

Storms :: essays research papers

If you know where and when to look, you can treat yourself to a colourful display of atmospheric haloes, spots and pillars. These images can tell you something about the clouds overhead and possible changes in the weather. All of these images are created by light shining through cirrostratus clouds. These clouds occur at an altitude of 6,000-12,000 metres. They appear as a thin sheet or layer (strata) that is pure white. The layer of cloud is so thin (only 100-450 metres) that is doesn't obscure the sun or moon, so you should be able to see your shadow. Cirrostratus is made of many types of ice crystals. However, four crystal shapes are responsible for producing most of the commonly see haloes-plate crystals, columns, capped columns and bullets. The most obvious halo is found around the sun. If the layer of cirrostratus is extensive, you'll see an entire ring. Within the layer of cloud, sunlight is striking and passing through the sides of randomly-oriented ice crystals. As the sunlight passes through each crystal, the light changes direction, or refracts. The radius of the hale depends on the amount of change in the direction of the sun's light. Usually this is 22 degrees. Since the sun is 1/2 of a degree across, the radius of the halo is 44 sun-widths. Occasionally you may see a second halo at 46 degrees from the sun (that is, with a radius of 92 sun-widths). This is produced by sunlight passing through both the side and bottom of each crystal. Moonlight will also produce a halo, around the moon, with the proper layer of cirrostatus. Another common optical effect is known as "mock suns" or "sun dogs" or "parhelia" (Greek for "with the sun"). These bright spots on either side of the sun, outside of the halo, occur when sunlight passes through the sides of capped columns, bullets and plate crystals, when these crystals are arranged with their sides vertical. The crystals wobble, diffusing and smearing the colours of the mock sun. You can see haloes and mock suns more clearly if you block out your view of the real sun by holding your hand in front of it at arm's length. Another spectactular optical effect is the solar pillar. This is a vertical shaft of light the same colour as the sun stretching upwards from the sun and is most often seen at sunset or sunrise. It's produced by sunlight reflecting of the base of plate and capped column crystals in the clouds.